Impairement of Assets – Analysis and Examples

The developments within accounting conceptual frameworks over the last few decades have at their heart an attempt to bring greater relevance and use for users of financial reporting. As it perhaps feels there is even greater economic uncertainty these days, one area that has gained greater attention is that of assets; in particular, the values they are being carried at. In today’s article we are going to look at International Accounting Standard (IAS) 36 Impairement of Assets and the important rules it contains for today’s accountant.

Definitions

There are a number of definitions that are important to set out before digging to far into asset impairment weeds. In particular the following we must have a common understanding of:

Impairement

The standard deems the value of an asset in a reporting entity’s books has been impaired when its carry value is greater than the asset’s recoverable amount.

Carry Value

The carrying value of an asset is generally the purchase price less accumulated depreciation.

Recoverable Amount

An asset’s recoverable amount is the higher of its fair value less costs to sell or the asset’s value in use.

Fair Value Less Costs to Sell

This is an amount that the owner could obtain from an asset’s disposal on an open market to a willing buyer; less any expenses incurred in preparing and bringing that asset to market. A substitute similar asset can be used in this test too, which may be necessary for very specialised asset types.

Value in Use

The value in use for an asset is the standard definition of being the present value of future cash flows it generates in its use and any anticipated net disposal proceeds.

Identifying an Assets Impairement

IAS 36 sets out a list for both external and internal indicators firms must be watchful for in making their impairement assessments. Management must ensure their assessment programs have fed into them these types of data.

Internal Indicators

The non-exhaustive list for internal factors management should be mindful of include:

• obsolescence;
• physical damage;
• restructuring plans;
• accelerated wear and tear; and
• reductions in an asset’s overall operating performance.

External Indicators

The Standard goes onto list a number of external factors that should also be monitored by management and included within their impairement assessment program:

• environmental regulations and standards;
• changes in legislation, regulations or case law;
• material changes in interest rates and the firm’s borrowing costs;
• changes in similar or substitute technologies; and
• movements in the secondary market.

If any of these types of internal or external factors are present management must then determine an asset’s recoverable amount and make a determination as to whether an impairement has taken place.

Asset Groups

With the complexity of many businesses it may be difficult to establish the recoverable value of a particular asset as it generates no cash flow in itself; but rather its part of a business system. If we take a coffee machine in a cafe as an example. The coffee machine itself doesn’t generate a cash flow for the business, although it is obviously is a critical part of that business. However, it is collection of systems that generates the cash rather than the coffee machine itself. So although we estimate a disposal value, a present value of cash flows is going to be harder to accomplish.

To get around this problem we are introduced to cash generation units (CGU) by IAS 36. They define a CGU as the smallest group you brake a system down to that still generates a cash flow, independent of other individual or CGU assets.

In our cafe example we would probably have to say it would be an individual cafe shop itself, rather than any particular asset or group within that system.

However what IAS 36 then requires that if an impairement of a CGU has been determined and this has to then be brought account this impairement must be applied down to the individual assets with the CGU. So lets look at how this would work in our cafe example.

Asset Impairement

Well hopefully you are still with us on this impairement of assets journey. The good news is its not to far from here; we start to look at some numbers and journal entries.

Lets say our trusty ABC Ltd has decided to branch out into the cafe business and recently acquired a local cafe. It has come to the end of the financial year 20XY and as part of this process management has an internal process to assess asset impairement. From this review it has noted several factors:

• there has been a significant downturn in the economy, with a particular impact on cafes through government restrictions. It assessments this downturn in trade going forward to be at least 30% compared to previous data; and
• there has been an approximate 20 per cent drop in second hand prices for coffee machines.

As we noted above under Asset Groups and CGUs as no individual asset within the cafe can be treated independently in terms of operation and cash flow it is treated as a CGU. The carrying value of cafe in ABC’s accounts is $250,000.

In assessing the available data ABC’s management has determined the cafe CGU has suffered a 30% impairement. It will now bring this impairement to account for its end of year reporting 20XX. ABC operates a simple cost model for its cafe assets as it deemed a revaluation model was complexity not required.

So lets look it how the cafe impairement would be journalised. Let us say of the $250,000 cafe carry value the coffee machines, three of them, have a value of $25,000. We will ignore the assets within the CGU, for example fixtures and fittings, cash registers, ovens, etc.

The coffee machines have to be written-down by 30%:

$25,000 x 30% = $7,500

Date	Account Name	Debit	Credit
31 March	Impairement Expense	7,500	
	Coffee Machines		7,500

If ABC had not been using a cost model for recognising the coffee machines, the debit above would have been to a revaluation account, if available. Any difference of putting such an account into debit would be taken instead straight to an impairement expense – as we did above.

Carrying on with our example, let us say in a few years time economic conditions improve and the impairement brought to account in 20XY is no longer applicable. ABC decides to reverse the impairement, with the following journal made in the 20XZ end of year accounts process:

Date	Account Name	Debit	Credit
31 March	Coffee Machines	7,500	
	Impairement Reversal		7,500

Conclusion

And that brings us to the end of this article looking at ISA 36. We looked at what defines an impairement, the factors that indicate impairement of assets may have taken place and the issue around determining recoverable amounts and the use of CGUs. Our example with ABC and its cafe business showed entries for both the cost and revaluation asset models.